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Multiple ChoiceIntermediate 45s

Virtual nodes in consistent hashing

Why do consistent hashing implementations place many virtual nodes (vnodes) per physical node on the ring?
Options
  1. 1To reduce key-distribution skew when there are few physical nodes and nodes have heterogeneous capacity
  2. 2To increase the total number of hash buckets on the ring so storage capacity scales independently of node count
  3. 3To make the underlying hash function cryptographically secure so adversarial clients cannot force deliberate collisions
  4. 4To guarantee strong consistency across replicas by mapping each virtual node to a distinct replicated owner

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