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Multiple ChoiceBeginner 45s

Audit Trail Tamper Evidence

How can an audit trail be made tamper-evident without a fully trusted database operator?
Options
  1. 1Store each audit record in a plain text file on the application server's disk
  2. 2Encrypt each record with a symmetric key that is embedded in the source repo
  3. 3Hash-chain each record to the previous one so any alteration breaks verification
  4. 4Rely purely on database row-level permissions to prevent any record alteration

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